Complete Travel Guide to Lankaran, Azerbaijan

Lankaran Lankaran or Lánkon is a city in Azerbaijan, on the coast of the Caspian Sea, near the southern border with Iran. As of 2021, the city had a population of 89,300. It is next to, but independent of, Lankaran District. The city forms a distinct first-order division of Azerbaijan. Positioned at coordinates 38.75428°N, 48.85062°E, Lankaran occupies a geographically significant location that has influenced its historical development and contemporary importance. The precise geographic coordinates of Lankaran place it within a region characterized by diverse landscapes and strategic transportation routes that have shaped settlement patterns for centuries. At an elevation of 76.0 meters above sea level, Lankaran benefits from unique topographic advantages that influence local climate, agriculture, and scenic beauty. The elevation of Lankaran creates distinctive environmental conditions that support specific ecosystems and agricultural practices while providing panoramic views of the surrounding landscape. Home to 51300 residents, Lankaran maintains a community scale that balances urban amenities with traditional social structures and cultural continuity. The population of Lankaran represents a diverse community that has adapted to changing circumstances while preserving essential cultural traditions and local knowledge. Community life in Lankaran reflects the resilience and adaptability that characterize populations throughout Azerbaijan, demonstrating successful integration of traditional values with contemporary opportunities. Within the broader context of Lankaran province, Lankaran contributes to the cultural and economic diversity that defines Azerbaijan’s regional character. The role of Lankaran in regional development extends beyond its municipal boundaries, encompassing influences on transportation networks, economic activities, and cultural preservation efforts. Visitors to Lankaran discover a destination that embodies the authentic character of Azerbaijan while offering unique local perspectives and experiences unavailable in more commercialized locations.

Historical Heritage of Lankaran

History It is unknown when the town of Lankaran was actually established The French archaeologist Jacques de Morgan (died 1924) discovered extremely ancient remains in Lankaran, such as dolmens, graves, and instances of bodies seemingly exposed in a Zoroastrian manner.

With the death of Nader Shah (r 1736–1747), the Talysh Khanate was founded by Seyyed Abbas, whose ancestors were members of the Iranian Safavid dynasty, and had moved into the Talish region in the 1720s during a turbulent period in Iranian history From the founding of the khanate until 1828, it was under the suzerainty of the Iranian Zand and Qajar dynasties.

In the first half of the 18th century, the Russians gained control over it for a few years during the Russo-Persian War of 1722–1723; in 1732 it was ceded back to Iran by the Treaty of Resht During the Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813, General Kotlyarevsky, heading the southernmost Russian contingent during the war, stormed and captured Lankaran’s fortress.

Following the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813, it was ceded to Russia Qajar Iran would later retake the city during the Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828, but was forced to return it following the Treaty of Turkmenchay (1828), which saw the definite end of Persian influence in the South Caucasus.

Under Russian rule, Lankaran, known as Lenkoran (Ленкорань) in Russian, was the center of the Lenkoran Uyezd of the Baku Governorate Following the collapse of the Russian Empire, it was a part of the short-lived Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918–1920), then became a part of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic following the sovietization of Azerbaijan.

In 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it became a part of independent Azerbaijan Minorsky & Elwell-Sutton 1986, p ^ _**a**_ _**b**_ Timothy C Dowling _Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond_ pp 728-730 ABC-CLIO, 2 dec.

2014 ISBN 978-1598849486.

The historical trajectory of Lankaran demonstrates the complex interplay between local agency and external influences that has characterized regional development throughout successive historical periods. Understanding this historical context provides essential background for appreciating the depth and authenticity of contemporary cultural expressions.

Historical preservation efforts in Lankaran reflect community commitment to maintaining connections with ancestral heritage while adapting to contemporary circumstances. These preservation activities create opportunities for visitors to experience authentic historical environments and traditional practices.

The legacy of historical development in Lankaran remains visible in architectural styles, urban planning patterns, cultural traditions, and social organizations that provide continuity between past and present while supporting future community development.

Geographic Environment and Natural Setting

Geography There are sandy beaches near Lankaran. Thermal sulphide, chloride, sodium- calcium waters of Andjin (Upper and Lower) mineral springs are situated 12 km west of the town. Also to the west are the ruins of Ballabur castle, near the village with the same name. Vast area of this region is covered by national parks, where a variety of fauna and flora are preserved. Gizil-Agach State Reserve hosts over 250 kinds of plants, 30 species of fish and more than 220 kinds of birds. Lankaran is also known for _Parrotia_ , or ironwood. It is naturally grown in the region and could be seen in Hirkan National Park. Local myth has it that it is the only wood that sinks in water, hence the name (ironwood). Historically it has been used for heating since it burns for a long time and is not easily extinguished. The Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolous) subspecies of the leopard, lives in the national park as well. In 1937, members of the _Opilio lepidus_ species of harvestman were sighted in the area. #Climate Lankaran has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: _Csa_), with cool, wet winters and very warm, highly humid summers, albeit with infrequent rain. Climate data for Lankaran (1991–2020 normals) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8. 6) Daily mean °C (°F) 5. 8) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1. 0) Average precipitation mm (inches) 91 (3. 2) Average precipitation days (≥ 1. 4 Mean monthly sunshine hours 105. 3 Source 1: NOAA (Precipitation 1971–1990) Climi e viaggi Source 2: Hong Kong Observatory (sun only) 1. Snegovaya (2007). “Two New Harvestman Species from Lenkoran, Azerbaijan (Arachnida: Opiliones: Phalangiidae)” (PDF). _Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society_. **14** (2): 88–92. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-09-30. Retrieved 2010-12-19. “Lankaran Climate Normals for 1971-1990 (WMO Station number: 37985)”. National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration. Retrieved 22 February 2024.

The topographic characteristics of Lankaran result from complex geological processes that have created distinctive landscape features supporting diverse ecosystems and human activities. These natural features provide both opportunities and constraints that have influenced settlement patterns and economic development throughout history.

Hydrological systems in the Lankaran region play crucial roles in supporting natural ecosystems and human communities through provision of water resources, transportation routes, and agricultural irrigation. Understanding these water systems helps explain historical settlement patterns and contemporary development opportunities.

Soil composition and agricultural potential in the Lankaran area reflect the interaction of geological substrate, climatic conditions, and human management practices that have created productive agricultural systems supporting local food security and economic development.

Natural resource availability in Lankaran has historically influenced economic activities and settlement patterns while continuing to provide opportunities for sustainable development that balances economic needs with environmental conservation.

The relationship between geographic features and human settlement in Lankaran demonstrates sophisticated adaptation strategies that maximize advantages while minimizing risks associated with natural hazards and environmental constraints.

Seasonal variations in the geographic character of Lankaran create changing opportunities for agricultural production, outdoor recreation, and transportation that influence the rhythm of community life and economic activities throughout the year.

Climate Patterns and Environmental Conditions

#Climate Lankaran has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: _Csa_), with cool, wet winters and very warm, highly humid summers, albeit with infrequent rain. Climate data for Lankaran (1991–2020 normals) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8. 6) Daily mean °C (°F) 5. 8) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1. 0) Average precipitation mm (inches) 91 (3. Rainfall patterns in Lankaran determine water availability and agricultural productivity, shaping economic activities and settlement patterns. 2) Average precipitation days (≥ 1. Rainfall patterns in Lankaran determine water availability and agricultural productivity, shaping economic activities and settlement patterns. 4 Mean monthly sunshine hours 105. 3 Source 1: NOAA (Precipitation 1971–1990) Climi e viaggi Source 2: Hong Kong Observatory (sun only) 1. Rainfall patterns in Lankaran determine water availability and agricultural productivity, shaping economic activities and settlement patterns. “Lankaran Climate Normals for 1971-1990 (WMO Station number: 37985)”. National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration. Retrieved 22 February 2024. “Clima – Lenkoran – Temperature medie (1991–2020)”. Temperature patterns in Lankaran influence agricultural cycles, tourism seasons, and daily life rhythms throughout the year. Retrieved 29 June 2024. “Climatological Information for Lankaran, Azerbaijan”. Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved November 17, 2012.

The climatic regime of Lankaran reflects the complex interaction of geographic location, topographic features, and regional weather patterns that create distinctive seasonal characteristics influencing both natural ecosystems and human activities throughout the year.

Temperature variations in Lankaran create distinct seasonal periods that influence agricultural cycles, energy consumption patterns, and outdoor activity opportunities while requiring adaptive strategies for housing, clothing, and food preservation.

Precipitation patterns in Lankaran determine water availability for agricultural production, urban consumption, and natural ecosystem maintenance while influencing the timing of traditional festivals and seasonal economic activities.

Seasonal weather patterns in Lankaran create varying opportunities for different types of economic activities, recreational pursuits, and cultural celebrations that contribute to the distinctive rhythm of community life throughout the year.

The interaction between climate and human adaptation in Lankaran demonstrates sophisticated traditional knowledge systems for managing seasonal variations while taking advantage of favorable conditions for agriculture, construction, and outdoor activities.

Climate considerations for visitors to Lankaran include understanding seasonal variations in temperature, precipitation, and daylight hours that influence the availability of different activities and the appropriate preparation for outdoor exploration and cultural participation.

Cultural Heritage and Community Traditions

Demographics Lankaran is the capital of the Talysh region (Talyshistan), the ethnic homeland of the Talysh people, and the main urban and cultural center of this people. The vast majority of the population of Lankaran is Talysh, and the rest are Azerbaijanis and other nationalities. The demographic composition of Lankaran reflects historical migration patterns and cultural exchanges that continue to enrich community life. #Religion The religion with the largest community of followers is Islam. The majority of the Muslims are Shia Muslims, and the Republic of Azerbaijan has the second- highest Shia population percentage in the world after Iran. The demographic composition of Lankaran reflects historical migration patterns and cultural exchanges that continue to enrich community life. The city’s notable mosques include Kichik Bazar Mosque and Boyuk Bazar Mosque. _Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z_. — Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, p. Talysh (Talishi) // Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East / Jamie Stokes. Consultants: Anthony Gorman, Andrew J. Newman — NY: Facts on File, 2009. 682 — ISBN 9781438126760. Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved 2023-06-09. “Largely concentrated in southern Azerbaijan and north-western Iran, with a major population centre in the city of Lenkoran. The demographic composition of Lankaran reflects historical migration patterns and cultural exchanges that continue to enrich community life. _The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed_. Columbia University Press. Retrieved 2023-05-22. Juan Eduardo Campo,_Encyclopedia of Islam_ , p. “Culture in Lankaran” (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 13 November 2014.

Culture As of 2012, the city along with Baku and Ganja participated in Earth Hour movement. #Cuisine Lankaran’s cuisine has largely been affected by its multicultural history, hence the large variety of food originating during Talysh Khanate. Lankaran’s signature cuisine includes lavangi, Lankaran kulcha, marji plov, white plov, pumpkin plov and turshu kebab. #Music and media The Bajilar folk and dance collective Lankaran is home to several national folk performers, including the _Bacılar_ (The Sisters) national Talysh folk and dance collective. The regional channel _Janub TV_ and newspaper _Lankaran_ are headquartered in the city. #Sports Khazar Lankaran fans in Lankaran City Stadium The city used to have a professional football team competing in the top-flight of Azerbaijani football – Khazar Lankaran, which played in the Azerbaijan Premier League. Sporting venues in the city include the Lankaran City Stadium and Lankaran Olympic Sports Complex. The stadium was one of the venues for the group stages of the 2012 FIFA U-17 Women’s World Cup. In 2012, the city won to host European Masters Weightlifting Championship. “Azerbaijan to join Earth Hour”. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2014. “IDEA campaign to hold Earth Hour action”. Retrieved 17 November 2014. Azerbaijani Cuisine: Şirniyyat Archived 2008-11-20 at the Wayback Machine (in Azerbaijani) 4. Cuisine of Lankaran Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine 5. Azərbaycanın subtropik zonası Archived 2009-09-14 at the Wayback Machine (in Azerbaijani) 6. “”Bacılar” talış folklor mahnı və rəqs kollektivi”. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. “Radio-TV yayımı” (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 13 November 2014. “Lankaran Olympic Sport Complex”. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2014. “France end Asian domination”. Retrieved 6 July 2013. “Weightlifting Masters”. Official Website of European Masters Weightlifting 2012. Archived from the original on 20 April 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2011.

The cultural landscape of Lankaran represents a living repository of traditions, customs, and social practices that have evolved over centuries while maintaining essential characteristics that define community identity and provide continuity between generations.

Social organization in Lankaran reflects sophisticated systems for maintaining community cohesion and mutual support that have enabled the population to preserve cultural traditions while adapting to changing economic and political circumstances.

Traditional arts and crafts in Lankaran continue to flourish as expressions of cultural identity and sources of economic opportunity, providing visitors with authentic opportunities to observe skilled artisans practicing techniques transmitted through family and community networks.

Religious and spiritual practices in Lankaran provide insights into the values and beliefs that guide community decision-making and social interaction while creating frameworks for cultural continuity and adaptation to contemporary circumstances.

Language use and cultural expression in Lankaran demonstrate the dynamic relationship between tradition and innovation as communities maintain linguistic heritage while adapting to contemporary communication needs and educational opportunities.

Cultural festivals and community celebrations in Lankaran provide opportunities for visitors to experience authentic traditional practices while participating in community life and supporting local cultural preservation efforts.

Economic Activities and Development Patterns

Economy Dominating spheres in the economy of Lankaran are vegetable-growing, tea- growing, paddy cultivating, cattle-breeding, citrus plants, beekeeping, fishing, and grain farming. Favourable humid subtropical climate, availability of good arable land, water and sufficient labour resources of the city provides a good basis for agricultural activities as well as the development of agro-processing enterprises. The city is also home to Azerbaijan’s first tea plant, built in 1937. Business opportunities of the region Archived 2011-07-13 at the Wayback Machine 2.

The economic structure of Lankaran reflects a complex balance between traditional livelihoods and contemporary opportunities that enables the community to maintain economic stability while preserving cultural values and environmental sustainability.

Traditional economic activities in Lankaran often center around sustainable resource management practices that have been refined over generations to maximize productivity while maintaining environmental balance and community welfare.

Local markets and commercial activities in Lankaran serve as important centers of community life where economic transactions intersect with social interaction and cultural exchange, providing visitors with opportunities to observe traditional trading practices.

Agricultural production in Lankaran demonstrates sophisticated adaptation to local environmental conditions while maintaining traditional crop varieties and farming techniques that support both food security and cultural continuity.

Service sector development in Lankaran has evolved to accommodate external economic connections while maintaining authentic community character and traditional approaches to hospitality and customer service.

Economic development opportunities in Lankaran focus on sustainable approaches that build upon existing community strengths while creating new opportunities for education, employment, and cultural preservation.

Transportation and Regional Connectivity

Transport #Air The Lankaran International Airport’s international terminal was opened in September 2008. #Railway The city has rail service from historic terminals in downtown to Baku in the east and Astara in the south. Lənkəranda çay plantasiyalarının sahəsi genişləndirilir[_permanent dead link_] (in Azerbaijani) 2. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Turizm müəssisələri Archived 2009-04-05 at the Wayback Machine (in Azerbaijani).

Transportation infrastructure serving Lankaran reflects the balance between accessibility and preservation of community character that characterizes regional development throughout Azerbaijan. Road networks, public transportation options, and traditional travel methods create multiple approaches for reaching and exploring Lankaran.

Regional connectivity from Lankaran provides access to broader transportation networks while maintaining the authentic character that distinguishes this destination from more commercialized locations. Understanding transportation options helps visitors plan efficient and respectful approaches to exploration.

Educational Institutions and Learning Opportunities

Education This section **needs expansion**. You can help by adding to it. _( November 2014)_ Lankaran State University is located in the city. It was founded in 1991 and it was Lankaran’s first university to start courses.

Educational institutions in Lankaran serve as important centers of learning and cultural preservation that contribute to community development while maintaining connections to traditional knowledge systems and contemporary educational standards.

Planning Your Visit to Lankaran

Successful visits to Lankaran require preparation that extends beyond typical travel planning, as this destination rewards visitors who approach it with cultural sensitivity, environmental awareness, and genuine interest in learning from local communities and traditions.

The most meaningful experiences in Lankaran often emerge from patient observation, respectful participation in community activities, and willingness to adapt expectations to local customs and environmental conditions rather than imposing external standards or expectations.

Practical considerations for visiting Lankaran include understanding seasonal variations in weather and activity availability, respecting local customs and social protocols, and supporting community-based economic activities that contribute to cultural preservation and sustainable development.

The rewards of visiting Lankaran extend far beyond the duration of your stay, as the insights gained from experiencing authentic traditional culture often influence perspectives and values long after returning home, providing new understanding of human potential and community cooperation.

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Source: This article incorporates material from the Wikipedia article “Lankaran”.